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Acrylamide Essay Example For Students

Acrylamide Essay Acrylamide: Made By Man And Nature At the point when traditionalists and others stress over poisonous spoil in the supplements they eat and the universe they live in they as a rule consider just the pollute that originates from human exercises. Acrylamide is a white, unscented, crystalline strong synthetic that is utilized to do polyacrylamide stuffs that are utilized to take particles and drosss from soaking up H2O ; gum ; paper ; beautifiers ; dam establishments ; baccy smolder ; and grout ( Acrylamide, 2009 ; Frequently Asked Questions Acrylamide in Food, 2010 ; Acrylamide and Proposition 65, 2005 ) . Acrylamide is other than called any of the undermentioned names: â€Å"acrylamide monomer, 2-Propenamide, acrylic amide, propenoic corrosive amide, ethylene carboxamide, vinyl amide, Amresco, Acryl-40, Acrylagel† ( Acrylamide, 2009 ) . As a semisynthetic substance that is found in such a large number of stocks and set into such extraordinary contact with soaking up H2O and earth acrylamide simple and regularly enters the human natural structure and that of vitalize creatures that are much of the time devoured by universes and other invigorate creatures ( Acrylamide, 2009 ) . Acrylamide breaks up simple in H2O, quickly goes through H2O and drains into the soil ; however it biodegrades inside an issue of hebdomads so it does non remain in land or H2O beginnings for broadened periods except if those nations are re-tainted ( Acrylamide, 2009 ) . We will compose a custom article on Acrylamide explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The semisynthetic variant of acrylamide, in any case, is non the solitary one human presences need to stress roughly. Albeit grown-up male started doing acrylamide in 1949 Swedish researchers affirmed in 2002 that specific supplements, when cooked at high temperatures, obviously structure acrylamide and universes so straight ingest the concoction ( Acrylamide: Fried Food s Unwelcome Ingredient, 2009 ) . The supplements that make acrylamide when cooked at high temperatures ( planning anything over 248 evaluations Fahrenheit ) are those that have the undermentioned highlights: â€Å"a obviously happening amino corrosive called asparagine, an obviously happening sugar like glucose, and high cookery temperatures† ( Acrylamide: Fried Food s Unwelcome Ingredient, 2009 ; Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk, 2008 ) . The system through which acrylamide happens in supplement Begins when the amino corrosive asparagine, a protein, exists within the sight of specific sugars ( Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk, 2008 ) . When warmth is applied through heating, flame broiling, simmering, or browning to the asparagine it responds with the sugars to sort out acrylamide ( Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk, 2008 ) . Be that as it may, both bubbling and microwaving have been discovered less inclined to deliver acrylamide in these equivalent supplements and the clasp a supplement is presented to high temperatures can other than increment its fixation ( Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk, 2008 ) . Broiled Asparagus officinales, Gallic french friess, murphy french friess, and other singed or simmered bland veggies are accepted to hold high degrees of acrylamide. Notwithstanding, researchers late discovered acrylamide in dried natural products, unconventionally pears and prunes, and verified that the capacity strategies utilized for murphies and the sorts of murphies cooked other than impacts the level of acrylamide found in supplement ( Acrylamide: Fried Food s Unwelcome Ingredient, 2009 ) . Since it is obviously found in supplements, or shows up in supplements without the immediate introduction by grown-up male, this semisynthetic synthetic can other than be viewed as a naturally happening compound. Regardless of whether man-made or obviously resulting, by the by, acrylamide is unsafe. Acrylamide is known to do harmful neoplastic malady ( Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk, 2008 ) . At the point when high degrees of acrylamide are discharged into the air, as they are the point at which the substance is fabricated or utilized in a methodology (, for example, coal uncovering or H2O cleaning ) , the individuals who breath it have been found to create neurological damage ( Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk, 2008 ) . The United Kingdom s Environment Agency demonstrates that acrylamide can non only motivation threatening neoplastic infection however next to familial mischief and that unreasonable presentation can affect the generative framework, eyes, encephalon, and covering ( Acrylamide, 2009 ) . The Canadian specialists has recorded the compound as a threat to human wellbeing, yet has non shown a particular concerns ( Acrylamide: Fried Food s Unwelcome Ingredient, 2009 ) . The Wor ld Health Organization other than shows that acrylamide â€Å"is known to do dangerous neoplastic malady in enliven creatures poisonous to the sensory system of both vivify creatures and humans† ( Frequently Asked Questions Acrylamide in Food, 2010 ) . .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 , .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .postImageUrl , .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 , .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95:hover , .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95:visited , .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95:active { border:0!important; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95:active , .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95:hover { murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content improvement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uca18d4 f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uca18d4f76a2ffa3db8f871e67fa31f95:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: The street not taken EssayAlthough the use of acrylamide in grout, embankments, H2O refinement, paper, and plastics should simple be possible off with and substitution stocks utilized, the reality remains that on the grounds that the compound shows up obviously in supplements it will in any case sway human life and wellbeing ( Frequently Asked Questions Acrylamide in Food, 2010 ) . The point of convergence on compound corrupt and presentation has ever centered around man-made wounds, however acrylamide s peril is obviously occurring and was simply found preeminent in 2002. This implies there has been little clasp to break down its turn of events and discover approaches to thwart it from hurting individuals. Further, as the data thought about the wounds of acrylamide has concentrated on smoke and its use in mechanical work, more surveies should be performed before the full danger of this pollution can be nicely recognized. Notwithstanding, as a result of the way that paper and fictile waste contain this substance, and it is simple separated in H2O and soil, the use of acrylamide in those stocks must end to thwart more remote pollute of the supplement connection. Propensities are hard to interfere, yet a few wonts must be broken. There are many exchange offices to sublimate H2O and make paper and plastic stocks. Producers and others have to focus on interchange offices of achieving their closures without trust on acrylamide. Researchers, by and by, need to all the more likely comprehend the improvement of acrylamide in non only cooked supplements yet close to dried supplements and how they interface with vivify creatures and universes to thwart wounds from occurring. Further, filtering of this substance into the earth can just build its ingestion and must be halted. Notices Acrylamide. ( 2009 ) . The Environment Agency, United Kingdom. Recovered February 9, 2010, from hypertext move convention:/www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/themes/contamination/320.aspx? Acrylamide and Proposition 65. ( 2008 ) . California Environmental Protection Agency. Recovered February 9, 2010, from hypertext move convention:/www.oehha.ca.gov/prop65/acrylamideqa.html Acrylamide: Fried Food s Unwelcome Ingredient. ( 2009 ) . Canadian Broadcasting Company. Recovered February 9, 2010, from hypertext move convention:/www.cbc.ca/wellbeing/story/2009/02/24/f-acrylamide.html Acrylamide in Food and Cancer Risk. ( 2008 ) . National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health. Recovered February 9, 2010, from hypertext move convention:/www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/chance/acrylamide-in-food Every now and again Asked Questions Acrylamide in Food. ( 2010 ) . World Health Organization. Recovered February 9, 2010, from hypertext move convention:/www.who.int/foodsafety/distributions/chem/acrylamide_faqs/en/ Mill operator, G. A ; Spoolman, S. , ( 2009 ) . Populating in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions ( sixteenth ed. )

How Peoples Prejudices Develop

How People's Prejudices Develop Theories Cognitive Psychology Print How Peoples Prejudices Develop By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Reviewed by Reviewed by Amy Morin, LCSW on October 31, 2019 facebook twitter instagram Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist, author of the bestselling book 13 Things Mentally Strong People Dont Do, and a highly sought-after speaker. Learn about our Wellness Board Amy Morin, LCSW Updated on November 07, 2019 Juanmonino / Getty Images More in Theories Cognitive Psychology Behavioral Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Biological Psychology Psychosocial Psychology In This Article Table of Contents Expand Types Stereotyping Categorizing Reducing Prejudice View All Back To Top Prejudice can have a strong influence on how people behave and interact with others, particularly with those who are different from them. Prejudice is a baseless and usually negative attitude toward members of a group. Common features of prejudice include negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs, and a tendency to discriminate against members of the group. While specific definitions of prejudice given by social scientists often differ, most agree that it involves prejudgments that are usually negative about members of a group. When people hold prejudicial attitudes toward others, they tend to view everyone who fits into a certain group as being all the same. They paint every individual who holds particular characteristics or beliefs with a very broad brush and fail to really look at each person as a unique individual. Types Prejudice can be based on a number of factors including sex, race, age, sexual orientation, nationality, socioeconomic status, and religion. Some of the most well-known types of prejudice include: RacismSexismClassismHomophobiaNationalismReligious prejudiceAgeismXenophobia Prejudice and Stereotyping When prejudice occurs, stereotyping, discrimination, and bullying may also result. In many cases, prejudices are based on stereotypes. A stereotype is a simplified assumption about a group based on prior experiences or beliefs. Stereotypes can be positive (women are warm and nurturing) or negative (teenagers are lazy). Stereotypes can not only lead to faulty beliefs, but they can also result in both prejudice and discrimination. According to psychologist Gordon Allport, prejudice and stereotypes emerge in part as a result of normal human thinking. In order to make sense of the world around us, its important to sort information into mental categories. The human mind must think with the aid of categories, Allport explained in his book, The Nature of Prejudice. Once formed, categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. We cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends upon it.?? Prejudice and Stereotyping Are Mental Mistakes In other words, we depend upon our ability to place people, ideas, and objects into different categories in order to make the world simpler and easier to understand. We are simply inundated with too much information to sort through all of it in a logical, methodical, and rational fashion. Being able to quickly categorize information allows us to interact and react quickly, but it also leads to mistakes. Prejudice and stereotyping are just two examples of the mental mistakes that result from our tendency to quickly categorize information in the world around us. In fact, according to an article in Current Directions in Psychological Science, prejudice comes from a deep psychological need where people who arent comfortable with ambiguity are prone to make generalizations about others.?? Research on Categorizing The process of categorization applies to the social world as well as we sort people into mental groups based on factors such as age, sex, and race. Researchers have found that when it comes to categorizing information about people, we tend to minimize the differences between people in certain  groups and exaggerate the differences between groups In one classic experiment, participants were asked to judge the height of people shown in photographs. People in the experiment were also told that In this booklet, the men and women are actually of equal height. We have taken care to match the heights of the men and women pictured. That is, for every woman of a particular height, somewhere in the booklet there is also a man of that same height. Therefore, in order to make as accurate a height judgment as possible, try to judge each photograph as an individual case; do not rely on the persons sex. In addition to these instructions, a $50 cash prize was offered to whoever made the most accurate judgments of height. Despite this, participants consistently rated the men as being a few inches taller than the women. Because of their prejudgment that men are taller than women, the participants were unable to dismiss their existing categorical beliefs about men and women in order to judge the heights accurately. Researchers have also found that people tend to view members of outside groups as being more homogenous than members of their own group, a phenomenon referred to as the out-group homogeneity bias. This perception that all members of an out-group are alike holds true of all groups, whether based on race, nationality, religion, age, or other naturally occurring group affiliations. People tend to see individual differences among members of their own groups, but they tend to see those who belong to out-groups as being all the same. What We Can Do to Reduce Prejudice In addition to looking at the reasons why prejudice occurs, researchers have also explored different ways that prejudice can be reduced or even eliminated. Training people to become more empathetic to members of other groups is one method that has shown a considerable success. By imagining themselves in the same situation, people are able to think about how they would react and gain a greater understanding of other peoples actions. Other techniques that are used to reduce prejudice include: Passing laws and regulations that require fair and equal treatment for all groups of peopleGaining public support and awareness for anti-prejudice social normsMaking people aware of the inconsistencies in their own beliefsIncreased contact with members of other social groups

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International Cybercrime And Racketeering. Essay - 1294 Words

International Cybercrime and Racketeering The word ‘racketeering’ commonly brings up the image of Al Capone and John Gotti. The mafia seemingly coined this phrase in their dealings with illegal organized crimes. The emergence of new technologies and the internet, racketeering has become synonymous with the phrase cybercrime. Cybercrime refers to â€Å"crimes in which the perpetrator uses their distinct skills with computer technology† to commit unlawful acts via cyberspace (Holt, Bossler and Spellar, 2105, p. 9). Racketeering is defined as the â€Å"act of offering of a dishonest service [a racket] to solve a problem that wouldn t otherwise exist without the enterprise offering the service† (Investopedia, 2010). Combine the two and there is potential to have catastrophic consequences for both the victim and perpetrator. The case of David Camez is one in which $50 million dollars’ worth of financial fraud was committed using the internet. Combined wit h racketeering efforts, his case made headlines due to its influence on how the Justice Department now looks at racketeering acts. The Nature of The Crime On December 6, 2013 David Camez who resided in Arizona was convicted and sentenced to 20 years in federal prison for his part in a complex cybercrime plot that included racketeering offenses. The U.S. Department of Justice states that Camez’s was charged with â€Å"one count of participating in a racketeer influenced corrupt organization and one count of conspiracy to participate in aShow MoreRelatedThe Role of the Internet and Crime971 Words   |  4 Pagesneighbor girl, leading the girl to hang herself (Griggs, B. 2012).† Laws are being made to help prosecute and convict these cyber bullies that use computers to harass others. In 2009 over 100 Americans and Egyptians were arrested after a large international identity theft ring was discovered. The ring targeted two large banks which victimized over 5,000 U.S. customers. The compromising of the two banks was caused from â€Å"phishing† which is gaining personal information by sending phony emails from legitimateRead MoreCybercrime Is Crime That Involves A Computer And A Network2155 Words   |  9 PagesCybercrime is crime that involves a computer and a network. The computer may be used in the commission of a crime, or it may be the target. Debarati Halder and K. Jaishankar (2011) define cyber-crimes as: Offences that are committed against individuals or groups of individuals with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim or cause physical or mental harm, or loss, to the victim directly or indirectly, using modern telecommunication networks such as Internet. Such crimesRead MoreFederal Crime And The Civil War1594 Words   |  7 Pagescrime was a significant national problem, and that the federal government should take a leading role in fighting it. The first federal organized crime law, passed in 1961, dealt only with persons who had traveled across state lines in support of racketeering activity. Next, Congress made all loan sharking a federal crime based on its finding that loan sharking provided funds for organized crime. This law was the first for the federal government not to require any showing of interstate travel or impactRead MoreThe Growing Problem of White Collar Crimes in India 19963 Words   |  80 Pagesperson wrongfully takes another persons money or property with the intent to appropriate, convert or steal it, Money Laundering--The investment or transfer of money from racketeering, drug transactions or other embezzlement schemes so that it appears that its original source either cannot be traced or is legitimate, Racketeering--The operation of an illegal business for personal profit, Securities Fraud--The act of artificially inflating the price of stocks by brokers so that buyers can purchase

The Dairy Farm Group

Question: write an essay on The Dairy Farm Group. Answer: A company finds itself shrouded in doubts and dilemmas regarding critical decisions made. The Dairy Farm Group, which is a branded Hong Kong based food retailer. The company undertakes certain activities according to the mission and objectives of the company. The company has suffered from certain shortcomings in the operational activities and framework. It finds itself in a complicated situation regarding business decisions. The report sheds light on the business decisions made by the company and the necessary recommendations, which are required to overcome the loopholes in the decisions. Evaluation of the decisions taken by the company Organizational Strategy The Dairy Farm Group had the mission to become one of the leading food retail companies and in order to achieve that the company adopted the business strategy of meeting customer needs and customer satisfaction. The policy of rationalization and elimination of non-core operations led the company to pursue expansion policy and establish itself as a leading company in the targeted market. The financial statement of the company depicts a rise in the profit margin of the company from 1993 to 1997. The turnover of the company has also increased in the financial years. The strategy of the company allowed the company to overcome the threats and weakness existing in the company. It allowed the company to utilize the resources and expand its resources the balance sheet of the company depicts the sound sate of affair of the business of the company. The organizational strategy allowed the company to increase the customer base and market share with the capitalization strategy. It put the company develop a competitive advantage (Hadar et al. 2016). Stakeholder and stakeholder management Dairy Farm Group did develop projects to suit their business strategy and prospect. The decisions taken during the project suffered from shortcomings in the information system, where there were lacks of information available to personnel. These presented issues presented the company with critical issues, which made the management incapable to take sufficient actions to provide remedial solutions. The stakeholders were unhappy with the management of the company and the inability to provide direction to the company to achieve its mission and objectives. The company faced the threat of decline in sales due to the Asian Crisis. The growing competition faced by the company from rivals threatened the operation and profitability level of the company. Therefore, it could be viewed that the company were facing shortcomings in stakeholders management (Buschle et al. 2016). The management needs to identify the needs and requirements of stakeholders, which it can utilize in planning organizational strategy and organizational communications. It needs to develop the information system and eliminate defects in the information system that can hinder the operational activity of the company. Change management would be useful in this case. The development of better managerial strategies and development of e-commerce and technology would benefit the company (Niu et al. 2014). Organizational structure and design The organization followed a federated style. It led to the independent working of different acquired smaller organizations. It caused lack of management control for the company and there were no direct control. The federated style of organization led to wastage of resources and human resources, especially in the accounting section. It led to duplication of assets and unfair representation of assets. In one of the section, the transportation cost also rose leading to low profitability (Cao et al. 2013). Project Management The company decisions regarding the information system provided hindrance to the company, in terms of management control. The management was lacking information regarding management decisions. The store system was insufficient to capture complete information about knowledge, which handicapped the company in meeting the goals of customer satisfaction. The management information system suffered from major shortcomings, which devoured the company from critical information in management control. This led to a decline of the performance of the project of the company and consequently led to fall in the business processes of the company. It also increased dissatisfaction among stakeholders of the company. Improving the information system and the management information system was the key for improving the management control of the company. Improving the technological state and inducing electronic commerce and business would benefit the company. This could allow the management to have better control and wide array of information for decision making (Mir et al. 2014). Information System The information system was designed specifically to meet the requirement of particular business function. Due to the expansion policy of the company, the increased business operations increased the maintenance expenditure on the information system. According to the store system of Dairy Farm Group, the information system could not capture all the details of the transactions of the customers. This majorly hampered the information system. The information system could not successful provide input on knowledge of the customer, this led to the inability of the company to form complete idea about customer. The information system also turned out to be insufficient from the viewpoint of providing relative and information regarding management decisions. Due to such loopholes management was unable to take critical decisions and the lack of information also provided hindrances in identifying the grounds of deviations like lack of information regarding to sales (Cao et al. 2013). There are certain remedies available for such shortcomings. Development of information system of the management could be possible with correct solutions regarding technology and information system. Development of e-commerce was a vital ground to focus on to develop better information system. Online retailing was critical in developing the information system and communication system could benefit the information system of the company. Electronic store and electronic distribution centre could be beneficial to the company (Sullivan et al. 2014). Correct input and development of technology was vital. There should be evaluation of qualitative and quantitative information available to the management. Opportunities Overcoming the loopholes in the information system and development of web service and web browsers could be beneficial to the company. Enabling better network system and development of e-commerce would make the management more potent in handling management related issues and facilitate in undertaking effective decisions. It would provide better opportunities for data sharing and develop accessible information system and also reduce maintenance overhead (Wang et al. 2013). Conclusion On concluding the report, it can be viewed that the company faces major shortcoming in the information system. The information system seems incompetent to match the growing requirements and business strategies of the company. Lack of key information had deemed the management incapable of taking business decisions and also created dissatisfaction among stakeholders. The absence of major information led to tactical errors leading to high expenditure and drop in profitability. Reference List Buschle, M., Johnson, P. and Shahzad, K., 2013. The enterprise architecture analysis toolsupport for the predictive, probabilistic architecture modeling framework. In19th Americas Conference on Information Systems, AMCIS 2013; Chicago, IL; United States; 15 August 2013 through 17 August 2013(pp. 3350-3364). Association for Information Systems. Cao, J., Gao, H., Li, L.E. and Friedman, B., 2013, April. Enterprise social network analysis and modeling: A tale of two graphs. InINFOCOM, 2013 Proceedings IEEE(pp. 2382-2390). IEEE. Hadar, E., Hadar, I. and Davis, J., Ca, Inc., 2016.Solution modeling and analysis toolset for enterprise software architecture and skeleton architecture. U.S. Patent 9,244,655. Khajehà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Hosseini, A., Greenwood, D., Smith, J.W. and Sommerville, I., 2012. The cloud adoption toolkit: supporting cloud adoption decisions in the enterprise.Software: Practice and Experience,42(4), pp.447-465. Mir, T.M., Revuru, A.K.V., Manohar, D.J. and Batta, V., 2012.Threat analysis and modeling during a software development lifecycle of a software application. U.S. Patent 8,091,065. Niu, N., Da Xu, L., Cheng, J.R.C. and Niu, Z., 2014. Analysis of architecturally significant requirements for enterprise systems.Systems Journal, IEEE,8(3), pp.850-857. Sullivan, B.L., Aycrigg, J.L., Barry, J.H., Bonney, R.E., Bruns, N., Cooper, C.B., Damoulas, T., Dhondt, A.A., Dietterich, T., Farnsworth, A. and Fink, D., 2014. The eBird enterprise: an integrated approach to development and application of citizen science.Biological Conservation,169, pp.31-40. Wang, Y., Li, J., Meng, K., Lin, C. and Cheng, X., 2013. Modeling and security analysis of enterprise network using attackdefense stochastic game Petri nets.Security and Communication Networks,6(1), pp.89-99.

The Criminalization Of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS Essays - HIVAIDS

The Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS Table of Contents Brief history of AIDS and the criminalization of knowingly transmitting it.......................................3 Interviews concerning the issue............................4 Reasons for the criminalization of knowingly transmitting AIDS..................................................5 Reasons against the criminalization of knowingly transmitting AIDS.....................................7 My position and conclusion.................................8 Brief History of AIDS and the Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting It Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The virus was discoverd independently in France in 1983 and in the United States in 1984. In the United States, it was initially identified in 1981. In 1986, a second virus, now called HIV-2, was also discovered in Africa. HIV-2 also causes AIDS. AIDS is transmitted in three ways: From sexual contact without protection, from the mixing of ones blood with infected blood, and from an infected pregnant woman to her fetus. Infection can occur from blood transfusions of infected blood, or sharing 'dirty' needles. (Needles already used, in this case, by a HIV positive person.) The criminalization of intentionally spreading AIDS has been a big issue recently, and still remains so. As of September, 1991, legislation criminalizing AIDS transmission has been passed in 24 states. Among these states are California, Idaho, Ohio, Missouri, Michigan, and South Carolina. Under these current laws, it is a crime to knowingly transmit the virus through sex, sharing needles, donating infected blood, organs, or skin tissue. The first person to go to court under these laws in Michigan was Jeffrey Hanlon. Hanlon was a gay man who infected another man from Michigan while he was in New York. The American Civil Liberties Union, who agreed to take the case, agrued that the AIDS disclosure law is unconstitutional. Privacy of those with AIDS is what they were worried about. Opponents argued that "they're [those with AIDS] killing people. It's like rape." The maximum sentence Hanlon could have recieved was four years in prison and a $2000 fine. In addition, under the current New York State law, which dates back well before June, 1987, the knowing transmission of a venerial disease is a felony. However, at that time, and currently, AIDS was not classified as a venerial disease. Interviews Concerning the Issue Most people believe that the willful transmission of AIDS to others it virtually murder. I have interviewed **name** and **name**. Both of them feel that intentionally passing AIDS on to another person is murder. The recipient of the virus will, in almost every case, die rather quickly of an AIDS related disease. **name** feels that "if someone knowingly transmits AIDS to another person, it's like committing murder. He or she should be punished to the full extent of the law." In addition to personal interviews, I have found the opinions of Governor Cuomo and former President Ronald Reagan. On June 1, 1987, Cuomo revealed that state lawmakers would consider making the transmission of AIDS a crime. He was quoted at the time as saying: "If you know you have AIDS and you pass it on to someone who is not aware, that should be regarded as a very serious offense. I'm not talking about sins and morality; I'm talking about a sin against the community, a crime. We should look into that." However, nothing was proposed at the time. Former President Ronald Reagan called for "routine" AIDS testing of prisoners, marriage license applicants, immigrants, and possibly some hospital patients. His purpose was only to identify carriers of the disease; no comment concerning the criminalization of the transmission of AIDS was made. Reasons for the Criminalization of Knowingly Transmitting AIDS There are not many reasons for the criminalization of knowingly transmitting AIDS. However, they are very convincing arguments. The first and one of the most convincing arguments is because it will help stop the propogation of the virus. Ideally, if people know that it is a crime to transmit the virus, then they will not. The only way that AIDS will remain an epidemic is if it is continually spread. This is because those with AIDS will in most cases die rather quickly of an AIDS related disease. If they do not spread it, then the number of people with the virus will decline steadily without fail. Another reason is that someone who is intentionally transmitting the disease is doing it for their own satisfaction and/or to hurt others. Such is the case with a drug pusher. Many magazine articles have made reference to the analogy "a drug pusher is the same as an AIDS pusher." Their argument is that if drug pushers are treated as if they commit criminal acts, then